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Manifesting Identity
Master D.M.Lee | 7/22/2023
José de San Martín - Argentina
José de San Martín (1778-1850) was an Argentine general and statesman who played a pivotal role in the struggle for independence in South America. Here are some key points about José de San Martín and his contributions:
Early Life and Military Career: José de San Martín was born on February 25, 1778, in Yapeyú, in what is now Argentina. He received a military education in Spain and served in the Spanish army, gaining experience in campaigns in Europe and North Africa.
Liberation of South America: San Martín is best known for his efforts to liberate South America from Spanish colonial rule. He played a crucial role in the independence movements of Argentina, Chile, and Peru. He is considered one of the primary architects of the independence of these nations.
Battle of Bailén, 1864, José Casado del Alisal,
Crossing the Andes: One of San Martín's most remarkable military feats was the Crossing of the Andes. In 1817, he led the Army of the Andes in a daring expedition across the treacherous Andes Mountains, successfully defeating Spanish forces in Chile and paving the way for Chilean independence.
Chilean and Argentinean troops going to the Battle of Chacabuco c.1817
Battle of Maipú: San Martín commanded the patriot forces in the Battle of Maipú in 1818, a decisive battle that secured Chile's independence. The victory marked a turning point in the struggle against Spanish colonial rule in South America.
Théodore Géricault, Batalla de Maipo c.1819
Liberating Peru: San Martín is also known for his efforts to liberate Peru from Spanish rule. He arrived in Peru in 1820 and played a key role in the formation of the Peruvian Army. San Martín's forces, together with Simón Bolívar's forces, eventually led to the liberation of Peru.
Proclamation of the Independence of Peru, 1904, Juan Lepiani
Legacy and Statemanship: San Martín is celebrated as a national hero in Argentina, Chile, and Peru. After achieving military success, he focused on establishing stable governments and institutions in the newly independent nations. However, his efforts to create a unified South American federation were not fully realized.
Portrait of José de San Martín - Instituto Nacional Sanmartiniano
Retirement and Death: In 1824, San Martín retired from public life and settled in France. He lived in exile for the remainder of his life and refused to take part in political activities. He died on August 17, 1850, in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
José de San Martín's military leadership, strategic brilliance, and dedication to the cause of independence made him a central figure in the fight against Spanish colonialism in South America. His legacy as a liberator and his contributions to the establishment of independent nations continue to be celebrated today.
Sir Walter Scott - Scotland
Sir Walter Scott (1771-1832) was a Scottish novelist, poet, playwright, and historian. He is considered one of the most significant literary figures of the Romantic era. Here are a few key points about Sir Walter Scott and his contributions:
Literary Works: Scott's writings span various genres, including historical novels, poetry, and plays. His most famous works include "Waverley" (1814), "Rob Roy" (1817), "Ivanhoe" (1820), and "The Lady of the Lake" (1810). His novels often depicted historical events and characters, intertwining fictional narratives with real-world contexts.
Walter Scott, Waverley, 1893 illustrated print edition by John Pettie (public domain)
Popularizer of the Historical Novel: Scott is credited with popularizing the historical novel as a literary genre. His works brought history to life through vivid storytelling and memorable characters. His novels were known for their detailed historical research, which added depth and authenticity to the narratives.
Portrait of Sir Walter Scott c.1820s, Sir Thomas Lawrence, Royal Collection
Romanticism and National Identity: Scott's writings played a significant role in shaping the Romantic movement in literature. His works emphasized themes of individualism, national identity, chivalry, and love for nature. He celebrated Scottish culture and traditions, contributing to the revival of interest in Scottish folklore and history.
Impact on Scottish Identity: Scott's portrayal of Scottish history and landscapes helped foster a sense of national identity and pride among the Scottish people. His works had a profound influence on Scottish literature, music, and cultural heritage, and he became a symbol of Scottish identity.
Les Alliés à Paris en 1815, Scènes de Moeurs - N. Finart & Basset (artists); Blanchard (printmaker)
Contributions to Balladry: Scott was also known for his interest in collecting and preserving traditional Scottish ballads. He compiled and edited collections of ballads, such as "The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border" (1802-1803), which helped preserve these folk songs and contributed to the understanding of Scottish cultural heritage.
Abbotsford House: Scott's home, Abbotsford House, located in the Scottish Borders, was a reflection of his passion for Scottish history and literature. He transformed the house into a grand estate, filled with historical artifacts and a vast library.
A View of Abbotsford from across the Tweed, Elizabeth Wemyss Nasmyth
Financial Difficulties and Writing Career: Despite his literary success, Scott faced financial difficulties later in life due to business ventures that failed. To overcome his debts, he wrote prolifically, producing a large volume of work within a short span of time.
The Tomb of Sir W. Scott, in Dryburgh Abbey by Henry Fox Talbot
Sir Walter Scott's contributions to literature, his celebration of Scottish culture, and his impact on the Romantic movement continue to be recognized and appreciated. His works remain influential and are celebrated for their storytelling prowess and their enduring portrayal of historical and cultural themes.
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